In this lesson, we will be discussing the various types of flight controls that are used to control an aircraft’s movement through the air. These controls can be divided into three main categories: primary, secondary, and ancillary. Primary controls are those that are most important for flying the aircraft, while secondary and ancillary controls are used to fine-tune the aircraft’s performance or to perform specific tasks. Understanding the different types of flight controls and how they work is essential for any pilot, as it will help them to safely and effectively operate their aircraft.
Primary Flight Controls
Primary flight controls are the most important controls for controlling the movement of an aircraft. These include the ailerons, elevator, and rudder.
- Ailerons: Ailerons are hinged control surfaces located on the trailing edge of the wings. They are used to control the roll of the aircraft, which is the movement around the longitudinal axis. When one aileron is raised, it creates more lift on that wing and the aircraft will roll in that direction. When the ailerons are used together, they can also be used to make the aircraft bank or turn.
- Elevator: The elevator is a hinged control surface located on the trailing edge of the horizontal stabilizer. It is used to control the pitch of the aircraft, which is the movement around the lateral axis. When the elevator is moved up, it causes the nose of the aircraft to pitch up and the aircraft to climb. When the elevator is moved down, it causes the nose of the aircraft to pitch down and the aircraft to descend.
- Rudder: The rudder is a hinged control surface located on the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer. It is used to control the yaw of the aircraft, which is the movement around the vertical axis. When the rudder is moved to one side, it causes the nose of the aircraft to yaw in that direction and the aircraft to turn.
Secondary Flight Controls
Secondary flight controls are used to fine-tune the aircraft’s performance and make small adjustments to its flight path. These include the flaps and slats.
- Flaps: Flaps are hinged control surfaces located on the trailing edge of the wings. They are used to increase the lift and drag of the aircraft, which can be useful during takeoff and landing. When the flaps are extended, they increase the camber of the wing and create more lift, which allows the aircraft to fly at slower speeds. However, they also increase drag, which slows the aircraft down.
- Slats: Slats are hinged control surfaces located on the leading edge of the wings. They are used to increase the lift of the aircraft at low speeds, which is useful during takeoff and landing. When the slats are extended, they create a gap between the leading edge of the wing and the slat, which allows air to flow more easily over the wing and create more lift.
Ancillary Flight Controls
Ancillary flight controls are used to perform specific tasks or to assist with the operation of the aircraft. These include the spoilers, trim tabs, and thrust reversers.
- Spoilers: Spoilers are hinged control surfaces located on the top of the wings. They are used to disrupt the flow of air over the wings and reduce lift, which is useful during descent or when the aircraft needs to lose altitude quickly. They can also be used to increase drag and help the aircraft slow down during landing.
- Trim tabs: Trim tabs are small, hinged control surfaces located on the ailerons, elevator, and rudder. They are used to adjust the balance of the aircraft and reduce the amount of force needed to hold the primary flight controls in a certain position. When the trim tabs are adjusted, they change the angle of attack of the control surface, which allows the pilot to maintain a steady flight path with less effort.
In summary, primary flight controls are the most important controls for controlling the movement of an aircraft and include the ailerons, elevator, and rudder. Secondary flight controls are used to fine-tune the aircraft’s performance and include the flaps and slats. Ancillary flight controls are used to perform specific tasks or assist with the operation of the aircraft and include the spoilers, trim tabs, and thrust reversers. Understanding how these different controls work and how to use them effectively is essential for any pilot.